#Connective Endings (연결 어미)
91 Korean grammar points related to "Connective Endings (연결 어미)", ordered by textbook level.
Beginner 1 (초급 1)Beginner 1 Grammar (초급 1)(7)
- N + 와/과N + wa/gwaN + 와/과 – And / with (Noun Conjunction Particle)And / with / together with
- N + 하고N + hagoN + 하고 – And / with (Colloquial Particle)And / with
- N + 은/는 (Đối chiếu)N + eun/neun (contrast)N + 은/는 (Contrast) – Contrastive Topic ParticleWhereas / while / as for (contrasting two subjects or objects)
- V/A + -고V/A + -goV/A + -고 – And / and then (Connective Ending)And / and then (lists actions/states or sequential events)
- V/A + -지만V/A + -jimanV/A + -지만 – But / although (Contrastive Connective)But / however / although
- V/A + -아/어서 (Nguyên nhân)V/A + -a/eoseo (reason)V/A + -아/어서 (Reason) – Because / since / soBecause / since / so (expresses cause or reason)
- V + -(으)러 가다/오다V + -(eu)reo gada/odaV + -(으)러 가다/오다 – Go / come in order to do VGo / come in order to do an action
Beginner 2 (초급 2)Beginner 2 Grammar (초급 2)(13)
- V/A + -(으)ㄹ 때 / N + 때V/A + -(eu)l ttae / N + ttaeV/A + -(으)ㄹ 때 / N + 때 – When / while / duringWhen / while / during (marks the time or period of an event)
- V/A + -(으)니까V/A + -(eu)nikkaV/A + -(으)니까 – Because / since (Subjective Reason & Suggestion)Because / since (states a reason supporting a command, suggestion, or judgment)
- V/A + -(으)면 / N + (이)라면V/A + -(eu)myeonV/A + -(으)면 – If / when (Conditional Connective)If / when (expresses a condition or supposition)
- V + -아/어서 (Trình tự)V + -a/eoseo (sequence)V + -아/어서 (Sequence) – Do V1 and then (closely linked) V2Do V1 and then V2 (two closely connected sequential actions)
- V + -(으)려고V + -(eu)ryeogoV + -(으)려고 – In order to do V (Purpose Connective)In order to / with the intention of doing V
- V + -기 전에 / N + 전에V + -gi jeone / N + jeoneV + -기 전에 / N + 전에 – Before doing V / Before NBefore doing V / prior to N
- N + (이)나 (Lựa chọn)N + (i)na (choice)N + (이)나 (Choice) – Or / something like NN1 or N2 / N or something
- V + -기 위해서 / N + 을/를 위해서V + -gi wihaeseo / N + eul/reul wihaeseoV + -기 위해서 / N + 을/를 위해서 – In order to V / For the sake of NIn order to do V / for the sake of N
- V/A + -기 때문에 / N + 때문에V/A + -gi ttaemune / N + ttaemuneV/A + -기 때문에 / N + 때문에 – Because of / SinceBecause of N / Because V/A
- V/A + -거나V/A + -geonaV/A + -거나 – V1 or V2 (Choice Connective)Do V1 or V2 / Be A1 or A2
- V + -(으)면서 / N + (이)면서V + -(eu)myeonseoV + -(으)면서 – While doing V (Simultaneous Actions)While doing V1, also do V2 simultaneously
- V + -(으)ㄴ 후에 (뒤에) / N + 후에 (뒤에)V + -(eu)n hue / N + hueV + -(으)ㄴ 후에 / N + 후에 – After doing V / After NAfter doing V / after N
- V/A + -(으)ㄴ/는데, N + 인데V/A + -(eu)n/neundeV/A + -(으)ㄴ/는데, N + 인데 – Background Context & Mild ContrastSets background context for a question/suggestion or expresses mild contrast ('and, but, since')
Intermediate 3 (중급 3)Intermediate 3 Grammar (중급 3)(15)
- N / V + -(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에N / V + -(eu)n/neun deokbuneN / V + -(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 – Thanks to (Positive Result)Thanks to; owing to
- N + 대신에 / V + -는 대신에N + daesine / V + -neun daesineN + 대신에 / V + -는 대신에 – Instead of / In Compensation forInstead of; in place of; in return for
- N + 말고 / V + -지 말고N + malgo / V + -ji malgoN + 말고 / V + -지 말고 – Not N, but... / Instead of Doing V1Not X (but Y); rather than X; do not do X, instead...
- V/A + -기는 하다V/A + -gineun hadaV/A + -기는 하다 (-긴 하다) – Indeed / Admit That... But...Do/Is indeed..., but...; admit that..., however...
- V + -고 나서V + -go naseoV + -고 나서 – After Finishing Doing...After completely finishing...; once having done...
- V + -다가 (-았/었다가)V + -daga (-at/eotdaga)V + -다가 (-았/었다가) – While Doing... (Interrupted) / After Doing, Then...While doing... (another action interrupts); did... and then reversed/changed
- N + 동안 / V + -는 동안N + dongan / V + -neun donganN + 동안 / V + -는 동안 – During / For / WhileFor / During (N); while doing (V)
- V + -는 바람에V + -neun barameV + -는 바람에 – Because of / As a Result of (Unexpected Negative Cause)Because; due to (an unexpected event causing a negative outcome)
- V + -도록 하다 / -게(끔)V + -dorok hada / -ge(kkeum)V + -도록 하다 / -게(끔) – Make Sure to Do / So ThatMake sure to; see to it that; so that
- V + -ㄴ/는다고 하다, A + -다고 하다, N + (이)라고 하다V + -n/neundago hada, A + -dago hadaV + -ㄴ/는다고 하다 / A + -다고 하다 – Indirect Quotation (Statements)Say that; tell that; I heard that
- V/A + -(으)냐고 하다 / -냐고 묻다V/A + -(eu)nyago hada / -nyago mutdaV/A + -(으)냐고 하다 (-냐고 묻다) – Indirect Quotation (Questions)Ask whether/if; ask what/where/when...
- V + -자고 하다 / -(으)라고 하다V + -jago hada / -(eu)rago hadaV + -자고 하다 / -(으)라고 하다 – Indirect Quotation (Propositive & Imperative)Suggest doing together (-자고 하다); tell/order someone to do (-(으)라고 하다)
- 아무리 V/A + -아/어도amuri V/A + -a/eodo아무리 V/A + -아/어도 – No Matter How Much / Even If...No matter how...; even if / even though...
- V/A + -던데요 (-던데)V/A + -deondeyo (-deonde)V/A + -던데요 (-던데) – I Noticed That... (Retrospective Observation)I noticed/saw that...; when I saw it, it was...
- N + 대로 / V + -는/(으)ㄴ 대로N + daero / V + -neun/(eu)n daeroN + 대로 / V + -는/(으)ㄴ 대로 – In Accordance with / As Soon AsJust as; in accordance with; as soon as
Intermediate 4 (중급 4)Intermediate 4 Grammar (중급 4)(20)
- N + 에 따라(서) / V + -는지에 따라N + e ttara(seo) / V + -neunjie ttaraN + 에 따라(서) / V + -는지에 따라 – Depending on / According toDepending on; according to; in line with
- V + -자마자V + -jamajaV + -자마자 – As Soon As / Right AfterAs soon as; right after; the moment that
- V + -ㄴ/는대요, A + -대요, N + (이)래요V + -n/neundaeyo, A + -daeyo, N + (i)raeyoV + -ㄴ/는대요 / A + -대요 / N + (이)래요 – They Say That... (Contracted Indirect Statement)I heard that...; they say that...
- V + -는지 / A + -(으)ㄴ지 알다/모르다V + -neunji / A + -(eu)nji alda/moreudaV + -는지 / A + -(으)ㄴ지 알다/모르다 – Know / Do Not Know Whether (Embedded Question)Know / Do not know who, where, when, how, or whether...
- N + 에다가 (게다가)N + edaga (gedaga)N + 에다가 (게다가) – Into/Onto N & In Addition to NInto/onto N (location); on top of N1, also N2 (게다가: moreover)
- V/A + -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 (N + 뿐만 아니라)V/A + -(eu)l ppunman aniraV/A + -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 (N + 뿐만 아니라) – Not Only... But Also...Not only... but also...
- V/A + -든지 ~ -든지 (N + (이)든지)V/A + -deunji ~ -deunjiV/A + -든지 ~ -든지 (N + (이)든지) – Whether... or... / Whichever...Whether... or...; whichever / whatever / whoever
- V/A + -아/어 가지고V/A + -a/eo gajigoV/A + -아/어 가지고 – And Then / Because (Spoken Equivalent of -아/어서)Do X and then (with that result) do Y; because X, Y
- V/A + -(으)ㄹ수록V/A + -(eu)lsurokV/A + -(으)ㄹ수록 – The More... The More...The more... the more...
- V + -느라고V + -neuragoV + -느라고 – Because of Being Busy Doing...Because of doing; while occupied with doing
- V + -ㄴ/는다면, A + -다면, N + (이)라면V + -n/neundamyeon, A + -damyeon, N + (i)ramyeonV + -ㄴ/는다면 / A + -다면 / N + (이)라면 – If (Hypothetical / Counterfactual)If (hypothetical or unlikely condition); supposing that
- V/A + -(으)ㄹ 텐데V/A + -(eu)l tendeV/A + -(으)ㄹ 텐데 – Must Be / Would Probably... So...Probably / Must be..., so...; would have..., but...
- V/A + -(으)ㄹ까 봐(서)V/A + -(eu)lkka bwa(seo)V/A + -(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) – For Fear That / Worried That...For fear that; worried that... might happen; thinking it might be better
- V + -아/어 보니까V + -a/eo bonikkaV + -아/어 보니까 – Upon Trying / Having Tried..., I Realized...After trying doing X, I found/realized that Y
- V + -도록V + -dorokV + -도록 – So That / In Order To & Until / To the Point ofSo that / in order that; until / to the point where
- V/A + -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가V/A + -(eu)n/neun dedagaV/A + -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가 – Not Only... But Also / On Top of ThatIn addition to doing/being; on top of that
- V/A + -(으)며 (N + (이)며)V/A + -(eu)myeoV/A + -(으)며 – And / While Simultaneously (Formal Connective)And (formal listing); while doing simultaneously
- V/A + -(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에)V/A + -(eu)n/neun banmyeon(e)V/A + -(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에) – On the Other Hand / WhereasWhereas; on the other hand; while
- N + 에 따르면 (에 의하면)N + e ttareumyeon (e uihamyeon)N + 에 따르면 (에 의하면) – According to N (Citing a Source)According to (news, statistics, reports, experts...)
- V + -자 / N + (이)자 / V + -아/어 봤자V + -ja / N + (i)ja / V + -a/eo bwatjaV + -자 / N + (이)자 / V + -아/어 봤자 – As Soon As (-자) / Both N1 and N2 ((이)자) / Even If You Try (-아/어 봤자)As soon as (-자); simultaneously N1 and N2 ((이)자); no matter how much you try, it's no use (-아/어 봤자)
Advanced 5 (고급 5)Advanced 5 Grammar (고급 5)(15)
- -게-geV + -게 (So that, in order that)So that / in order to (the preceding clause states the target state or goal to be achieved by performing the following action).
- -(으)ㄴ 채(로)-(eu)n chae(ro)V + -(으)ㄴ 채(로) (While keeping the state of, with ... still ...)While remaining in the state of..., with something left as it is.
- -되-doeV/A + -되 (Although / while admitting ..., on the condition that)Even though / while..., provided that (concedes the first clause while adding a contrast or condition in the second).
- -아/어다가-a/eodagaV + -아/어다가 (After doing something and taking the result elsewhere to...)Performs the first action and takes its result to another place to perform the second action.
- -다시피 (하다)-dasipi (hada)V + -다시피 / -다시피 하다 (As you know/see; Almost, practically)1) V + -다시피: As you know/see/heard... 2) V + -다시피 하다: Practically, almost, might as well be doing.
- -(이)며-(i)myeoN + -(이)며 (Both ... and ..., as well as)1) Is both ... and ... 2) N1-(이)며 N2-(이)며: Including N1, N2, and so on (listing representative items).
- -(ㄴ/는)다고-(n/neun)dagoV/A + -(ㄴ/는)다고 (As the saying goes... / Because one says...)1) As the proverb says... 2) Saying that / because of claiming that (cites a proverb or subjective reason/purpose for the main clause).
- -(으)ㄴ/는가 하면-(eu)n/neunga hamyeonV/A + -(으)ㄴ/는가 하면, N + -인가 하면 (While some..., others... / As for...)1) While on one hand..., on the other hand... 2) If you ask who/what/how..., the answer is...
- -(으)ㄴ/는데도-(eu)n/neundedoV/A + -(으)ㄴ/는데도, N + -인데도 (Even though, despite)Even though, despite the fact that (emphasizes that the main clause occurs contrary to what the first clause would normally lead one to expect).
- -(으)ㅁ에 따라-(eu)me ttaraV + -(으)ㅁ에 따라(서) (As, in accordance with, along with)As ..., along with ... (as the situation in the first clause changes, a corresponding change occurs in the second clause).
- -(으)ㄴ/는 대로-(eu)n/neun daeroV + -는 대로, A + -(으)ㄴ 대로, N + 대로 (As, in accordance with / As soon as)1) Just as, in accordance with. 2) As soon as. 3) In its own way / according to the given degree.
- -(으)면서도-(eu)myeonseodoV/A + -(으)면서도, N + -(이)면서도 (Even while, although knowing/being...)Even while doing/being..., yet still (highlights a contradiction between two simultaneous states or actions of the same subject).
- -기가 무섭게-giga museopgeV + -기가 무섭게 (No sooner than, the very instant)No sooner ... than / the very moment ... (an emphatic form of -자마자 stressing instantaneous succession).
- -거든-geodeunV/A + -거든, N + -(이)거든 (If / once ... happens, then...)If / when (states a realizable condition; the main clause must be a command, suggestion, or promise/intention).
- -(이)라든가 / -(ㄴ/는)다든가-(i)radeunga / -(n/neun)dadeungaN + -(이)라든가, V/A + -(ㄴ/는)다든가 (Such as ... or ..., whether ... or ...)Such as ... or ... (lists two or more representative examples among various possibilities).
Advanced 6 (고급 6)Advanced 6 Grammar (고급 6)(21)
- -(으)ㄴ 나머지-(eu)n nameojiV/A + -(으)ㄴ 나머지 (As a result of excessive..., driven by too much...)Because of being overly..., driven by excessive... (expresses that an extreme state or action in the first clause caused the outcome in the second).
- -고자-gojaV + -고자 (하다) (In order to, intending to - formal)In order to, with the intention of (formal written counterpart of -(으)려고).
- -(ㄴ/는)다기에-(n/neun)dagieV/A + -(ㄴ/는)다기에, N + -(이)라기에 (Because I heard that..., since they said...)Since I heard that... / Because someone said that... (hearsay serves as the reason for the speaker's action in the main clause).
- -(으)ㄹ 겸-(eu)l gyeomV + -(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서) (To both ... and ..., combining two purposes)Both to ... and to ... (performs an action that serves two or more purposes simultaneously).
- -(ㄴ/는)다고 (이유)-(n/neun)dagoV/A + -(ㄴ/는)다고 (Saying that / on the grounds that)Because one says/claims that... (presents the subject's stated reason or excuse for the action in the main clause).
- -더라도-deoradoV/A + -더라도, N + -(이)더라도 (Even if, even though - hypothetical)Even if (strong hypothetical concession: even if the first clause were true, the main clause remains unchanged).
- -고서-goseoV + -고서 (After doing..., and then...)After finishing the first action, the second action is performed (emphasizes sequential order).
- -고요-goyoV/A + -고요, N + -(이)고요 (And also..., moreover...)And also..., furthermore... (adds supplementary information or commentary in conversation).
- -(으)니만큼-(eu)nimankeumV + -느니만큼, A + -(으)니만큼, N + -(이)니만큼 (Since, inasmuch as)Inasmuch as, seeing that, since (acknowledges the preceding fact as solid grounds for the conclusion or requirement in the main clause).
- -(으)련마는 / -(으)련만-(eu)ryeonmaneun / -(eu)ryeonmanV/A + -(으)련마는 / -(으)련만 (Would/should ..., and yet...)Would/ought to ..., but regrettably ... (expresses regret that reality in the second clause contradicts the expectation or counterfactual supposition in the first).
- -(으)ㄹ뿐더러-(eu)lppundeoreoV/A + -(으)ㄹ뿐더러, N + -일뿐더러 (Not only ... but also, furthermore)Not only ... but also / on top of that (states that in addition to the first fact, an even further fact of the same polarity holds true).
- -(ㄴ/는)다거나-(n/neun)dageonaV/A + -(ㄴ/는)다거나 (Or, whether ... or ... / doing things like ...)Or / doing things like ... or ... (lists representative actions/states or pairs two contrasting possibilities).
- -(으)ㄹ지라도 / -(으)ㄹ지언정-(eu)ljirado / -(eu)ljieonjeongV/A + -(으)ㄹ지라도 / -(으)ㄹ지언정, N + -일지라도 (Even if, even though / Rather than)1) -(으)ㄹ지라도: Even if (formal concessive). 2) -(으)ㄹ지언정: Even though / I would rather ... than ...
- -(ㄴ/는)다마는-(n/neun)damaneunV/A + -(ㄴ/는)다마는 (Although ..., I admit ..., but...)Although / it is true that ..., however ... (acknowledges the preceding statement while adding a contrasting or hesitant remark).
- -(으)ㄴ/는 마당에-(eu)n/neun madangeV/A + -(으)ㄴ/는 마당에, N + -인 마당에 (In a situation where..., now that...)In a situation where..., seeing that we are in the midst of... (uses the current circumstance as the basis for a rhetorical criticism or judgment).
- -느니 (차라리)-neuni (charari)V + -느니 (차라리) (Rather than doing..., I would rather...)Rather than doing A, it is better to do B (rejects an unappealing option A in favor of alternative B).
- -(으)랴 -(으)랴-(eu)rya -(eu)ryaV1-(으)랴 V2-(으)랴 (What with doing A and doing B, busy juggling...)Busy doing both A and B (lists multiple tasks that must be juggled simultaneously, leaving the subject exhausted or swamped).
- -건마는 / -건만-geonmaneun / -geonmanV/A + -건마는 / -건만, N + -(이)건마는 (Even though, and yet...)And yet / even though (literary contrastive ending expressing regret that the second clause runs counter to what the first clause implies).
- -거니와-geoniwaV/A + -거니와 (Not only ..., but also / as well as)Not only is it true that ..., but furthermore ... (acknowledges the first fact and adds a further fact of the same orientation).
- -(으)려니와-(eu)ryeoniwaV/A + -(으)려니와, N + -(이)려니와 (Not only ..., but also / furthermore)Not only do I suppose/acknowledge ..., but furthermore ... (literary cumulative connective).
- -(으)ㄹ망정-(eu)lmangjeongV/A + -(으)ㄹ망정, N + -일망정 (Even if ..., I will never ... / Rather than)Even though / I would rather suffer A than do B (emphatically upholds a moral stance or firm resolve despite an adverse condition).
All topics
- Modality & Intention
- Particles (조사)
- Time & Sequence
- Conditionals & Supposition
- Cause & Reason
- Polite Sentence Endings
- Comparison (비교)
- Basic Sentence Patterns
- Tenses & Aspect (시제)
- Purpose & Plans
- Negation (부정 표현)
- Questions & Interrogatives
- Verb/Adjective Conjugation
- Noun Modifiers (관형사형)
- Change of State
- Experience & Trial
- Requests & Commands
- Suggestions & Invitations
- Ability & Possibility
- Location & Place
- Irregular Conjugation (불규칙)
- Honorifics (높임말)
- Obligation & Necessity
- Numbers & Ordinals
- Movement & Direction
- Desire & Wishes
- Nominalization (명사형)
- Demonstrative Pronouns
- Counters (단위 명사)
- Existence & Possession
