TOPIK II · Level 4 · 15 Lessons (Passive, causative, retrospective, formal written patterns)

Comprehensive Korean Grammar - Intermediate 4 (중급 4)

All 46 Intermediate 4 Korean grammar structures across 15 lessons from the Comprehensive Korean textbook: causative (사동), passive (피동), contracted indirect speech (-대요, -래요, -재요, -냬요), retrospective modifiers (-던, -았/었던, -더라고요), and advanced reasoning and contrast patterns.

Lesson 1: 근황 – Recent Updates3 grammar points

Inference -나 보다 / -(으)ㄴ가 보다, echo confirmation -다고요?, and dependency 에 따라(서).

Lesson 2: 외국 생활 – Life Abroad4 grammar points

Shared knowledge -잖아요, immediate sequence -자마자, lexical causatives 사동사, and periphrastic causative -게 하다.

Lesson 3: 초대와 방문 – Invitations and Visits3 grammar points

Imperfective retrospective modifier -던, completed retrospective modifier -았/었던, and psychological verb suffix -아/어하다.

Lesson 4: 공연과 감상 – Performances and Appreciation2 grammar points

Contracted indirect statements -ㄴ/는대요, -대요, (이)래요 and commands/suggestions/questions -(으)래요, -재요, -냬요.

Lesson 5: 집안일 – Housework4 grammar points

Necessary condition -아/어야, resultative state -아/어 놓다, preparatory state -아/어 두다, and embedded questions -는지/-(으)ㄴ지 알다/모르다.

Lesson 6: 사건과 사고 – Incidents and Accidents3 grammar points

Lexical passives 피동사 (-이/히/리/기-), periphrastic passive & state change -아/어지다, and situational outcome -게 되다.

Lesson 7: 추억 – Memories3 grammar points

Degree emphasis 얼마나 -는지/-(으)ㄴ지 모르다, habitual action -곤 하다, and addition 에다가 (게다가).

Lesson 8: 성향과 진로 – Aptitude and Career Paths3 grammar points

Firsthand retrospective -더라고요, emphatic particle (이)야말로, and worthiness -(으)ㄹ 만하다.

Lesson 9: 소비와 절약 – Consumption and Saving3 grammar points

Not only... but also -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라, regardless of choice -든지 ~ -든지, and colloquial connective -아/어 가지고.

Lesson 10: 환경 문제 – Environmental Issues3 grammar points

Proportional 'the more... the more' -(으)ㄹ수록, objective inference -(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다, and effort-based cause -느라고.

Lesson 11: 가치관 – Values and Perspectives3 grammar points

Hypothetical condition -ㄴ/는다면 (-다면, (이)라면), empathetic supposition -(으)ㄹ 텐데, and apprehension -(으)ㄹ까 봐.

Lesson 12: 해프닝 – Unexpected Happenings3 grammar points

Experiential realization -아/어 보니까, near miss -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다, and static resultative -아/어 있다.

Lesson 13: 성공하는 습관 – Habits for Success3 grammar points

Purpose & time limit -도록, cumulative addition -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가, and formal connective -(으)며.

Lesson 14: 대중문화 – Pop Culture3 grammar points

Two-sided contrast -(으)ㄴ/는 반면에, degree extent -(으)ㄹ 정도로/정도이다, and source citation 에 따르면.

Lesson 15: 학문과 상식 – Academics and Common Knowledge3 grammar points

Immediate sequence -자 (with N(이)자, -아/어 봤자, -자니), process realization -다(가) 보니까, and pretending -(으)ㄴ/는 척하다.

Key Grammar & TOPIK Exam Focus – Intermediate 4

1. Causative & Passive Constructions (사동사 -이/히/리/기/우/추-, -게 하다 | 피동사 -이/히/리/기-, -아/어지다)
★★★★★
Structures: V + -이/히/리/기/우/추- | V + -게 하다 | V + -이/히/리/기- | V + -아/어지다
Key tip: Watch the particles: Passives use 'N이/가 N에게/한테 (or 에 의해) V-passive'; transitive causatives use 'N이/가 N에게 N을/를 V-causative'.
2. Contracted Indirect Speech & Echo Questions (-대요/-래요/-재요/-냬요 & -다고요?/-냐고요?)
★★★★★
Structures: -ㄴ/는대요, (이)래요, -(으)래요, -재요, -냬요 | -다고요?, -(으)냐고요?, -자고요?, -(으)라고요?
Key tip: Distinguish the two '-(으)래요' forms: (1) Noun + (이)래요 = '(이)라고 해요' (they say it is N); (2) Verb + -(으)래요 = '-(으)라고 해요' (they told someone to do V).
3. Retrospective Modifiers & Ending (-던, -았/었던, -더라고요)
★★★★★
Structures: V/A + -던 N | V/A + -았/었던 N | V/A + -더라고요
Key tip: '-던 N' indicates a repeated or incomplete past action (e.g., 마시던 커피 - coffee one was drinking); '-았/었던 N' indicates a completely finished past event.
4. Objective Inference & Resultative States (-나 보다/-(으)ㄴ가 보다, -(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다, -아/어 놓다/두다, -아/어 있다)
★★★★★
Structures: V-나 보다 / A-(으)ㄴ가 보다 | V/A-(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 | V-아/어 놓다(두다) | V-아/어 있다
Key tip: '-아/어 놓다/두다' attaches to transitive verbs (e.g., 창문을 열어 놓다); '-아/어 있다' attaches only to intransitive or passive verbs (e.g., 창문이 열려 있다, 의자에 앉아 있다).