#Particles (조사)
50 Korean grammar points related to "Particles (조사)", ordered by textbook level.
Beginner 1 (초급 1)Beginner 1 Grammar (초급 1)(17)
- N + 은/는N + eun/neunN + 은/는 – Topic Particle (As for N)As for / regarding (marks the topic of the sentence)
- N + 이/가N + i/gaN + 이/가 – Subject ParticleMarks the grammatical subject of a sentence
- N + 에 있다/없다N + e itda/eopdaN + 에 있다/없다 – To be at N / There is (not) at NTo exist / not exist at a location; to have / not have
- N + 을/를N + eul/reulN + 을/를 – Object ParticleMarks the direct object of a transitive verb
- N + 에서N + eseoN + 에서 – At / in N (Location of Action)At / in (the place where an action takes place)
- N + 와/과N + wa/gwaN + 와/과 – And / with (Noun Conjunction Particle)And / with / together with
- N + 에 (Thời gian)N + eN + 에 (Time) – At / on / in (Time Particle)At / on / in (point in time when an action occurs)
- N + 에 가다/오다/다니다N + e gada/oda/danidaN + 에 가다/오다/다니다 – To go / come / attend N (Destination Particle)To go to / come to / commute regularly to a place
- N + 하고N + hagoN + 하고 – And / with (Colloquial Particle)And / with
- N + 은/는 (Đối chiếu)N + eun/neun (contrast)N + 은/는 (Contrast) – Contrastive Topic ParticleWhereas / while / as for (contrasting two subjects or objects)
- N + (으)로 (Phương hướng)N + (eu)ro (direction)N + (으)로 (Direction) – Toward / to NToward / in the direction of / to
- N + 도N + doN + 도 – Also / too (Additive Particle)Also / too / even
- N + 께서/께서는N + kkeseo/kkeseoneunN + 께서/께서는 – Honorific Subject / Topic ParticleHonorific subject/topic marker for respected persons
- N + 부터 ~ N + 까지N + buteo ~ N + kkajiN + 부터 ~ N + 까지 – From… to… (Time Range)From (starting time) to / until (ending time)
- N + 에게 / 한테 / 께N + ege / hante / kkeN + 에게 / 한테 / 께 – To (Recipient Particle for People/Animals)To (a person or animal receiving an action)
- N + 에서 ~ N + 까지N + eseo ~ N + kkajiN + 에서 ~ N + 까지 – From… to… (Location & Distance Range)From (starting location) to (destination)
- N + (으)로 (Phương tiện/Công cụ)N + (eu)ro (means)N + (으)로 (Means / Instrument) – By / with / in NBy means of / with / in (transport, tool, material, language)
Beginner 2 (초급 2)Beginner 2 Grammar (초급 2)(7)
- N1 + 의 + N2N1 + ui + N2N1 + 의 + N2 – Of / 's (Possessive Particle)N1's N2 / N2 of N1 (indicates possession or affiliation)
- N + 만N + manN + 만 – Only / just (Limiting Particle)Only / just (excludes all other options)
- N + 보다 (더)N + boda (deo)N + 보다 (더) – More than N (Comparative Particle)More than N / compared to N
- N + 마다N + madaN + 마다 – Every / each (Distributive Particle)Every / each / all without exception
- N + (이)나 (Lựa chọn)N + (i)na (choice)N + (이)나 (Choice) – Or / something like NN1 or N2 / N or something
- N(Số lượng) + (이)나N(quantity) + (i)naN(Quantity) + (이)나 – As many as / No less than NAs many as / as much as / all of N (surprisingly large amount)
- N + 에게서 / 한테서N + egeseo / hanteseoN + 에게서 / 한테서 – From (someone)From (a person from whom something is received, heard, or learned)
Intermediate 3 (중급 3)Intermediate 3 Grammar (중급 3)(7)
- N + 밖에N + bakkeN + 밖에 – Nothing/Nobody but N (Only N)Only; nothing but; no choice other than
- N + 말고 / V + -지 말고N + malgo / V + -ji malgoN + 말고 / V + -지 말고 – Not N, but... / Instead of Doing V1Not X (but Y); rather than X; do not do X, instead...
- N + (으)로 (하다/바꾸다)N + (eu)ro (hada/bakkuda)N + (으)로 (하다/바꾸다) – Choose N / Change or Exchange into NDecide on N; change/transfer/exchange into N
- N + 처럼 / 같이N + cheoreom / gachiN + 처럼 / 같이 – Like / As N (Similarity)Like; as; in the same way as
- N + 에 비해서 (에 비하면)N + e bihaeseo (e bihamyeon)N + 에 비해서 (에 비하면) – Compared to / Relative to NCompared to; in comparison with; relative to
- 아무 + (이)나 / 아무 + 도amu + (i)na / amu + do아무 + (이)나 / 아무 + 도 – Any... at All / No... at AllAnyone/anything/anywhere/anytime; no one/nothing at all
- N + 대로 / V + -는/(으)ㄴ 대로N + daero / V + -neun/(eu)n daeroN + 대로 / V + -는/(으)ㄴ 대로 – In Accordance with / As Soon AsJust as; in accordance with; as soon as
Intermediate 4 (중급 4)Intermediate 4 Grammar (중급 4)(4)
- N + 에 따라(서) / V + -는지에 따라N + e ttara(seo) / V + -neunjie ttaraN + 에 따라(서) / V + -는지에 따라 – Depending on / According toDepending on; according to; in line with
- N + 에다가 (게다가)N + edaga (gedaga)N + 에다가 (게다가) – Into/Onto N & In Addition to NInto/onto N (location); on top of N1, also N2 (게다가: moreover)
- N + (이)야말로N + (i)yamalloN + (이)야말로 – Indeed / Precisely N (Emphatic Particle)Indeed; precisely; the very N that...
- N + 에 따르면 (에 의하면)N + e ttareumyeon (e uihamyeon)N + 에 따르면 (에 의하면) – According to N (Citing a Source)According to (news, statistics, reports, experts...)
Advanced 5 (고급 5)Advanced 5 Grammar (고급 5)(8)
- -(으)로 인해-(eu)ro inhaeN + -(으)로 인해(서) (Due to, owing to)Due to, owing to, as a result of (used in formal writing, news reports, and official contexts).
- -(으)로서-(eu)roseoN + -(으)로서 (As, in the capacity of)As, in the capacity/status/role of (marks the status, position, or qualification of the preceding noun).
- -(으)ㅁ으로써-(eu)meurosseoV + -(으)ㅁ으로써, N + -(으)로써 (By doing, by means of)By doing, through, by means of (indicates the method, means, or instrument used to achieve a result).
- -(이)며-(i)myeoN + -(이)며 (Both ... and ..., as well as)1) Is both ... and ... 2) N1-(이)며 N2-(이)며: Including N1, N2, and so on (listing representative items).
- -(이)라도-(i)radoN + -(이)라도 (Even if it's just..., any ... at all)1) Even if it's just... (a second-best alternative). 2) With question words (언제라도, 어느 것이라도): any ... at all.
- -만 해도-man haedoN + -만 해도 (Even just looking at... / Up until just...)1) Just taking ... as an example. 2) (With time nouns) Even as recently as ... (contrasting past with present).
- 조차jochaN + 조차 (Even, not even)Even / not even (highlights that even the most basic or expected case fails to hold true).
- -(이)라든가 / -(ㄴ/는)다든가-(i)radeunga / -(n/neun)dadeungaN + -(이)라든가, V/A + -(ㄴ/는)다든가 (Such as ... or ..., whether ... or ...)Such as ... or ... (lists two or more representative examples among various possibilities).
Advanced 6 (고급 6)Advanced 6 Grammar (고급 6)(7)
- 더러 / 보고deoreo / bogoN + 더러 / 보고 (To someone - in indirect commands/requests)To someone / telling someone to (dative particle marking the recipient of an indirect command, request, or proposal in spoken Korean).
- 마저majeoN + 마저 (Even the last remaining..., including even)Even (the very last one) (indicates that even the final remaining person or thing is included, usually in an unfavorable outcome).
- (이)나 (이)나 할 것 없이(i)na (i)na hal geot eopsiN1(이)나 N2(이)나 할 것 없이 (Regardless of whether ... or ..., alike)Regardless of whether it is N1 or N2, both N1 and N2 alike (emphasizes universal inclusion without exception).
- -기는커녕 / -은/는커녕-gineunkeonyeong / -eun/neunkeonyeongV/A + -기는커녕, N + -은/는커녕 (Far from ..., let alone ...)Far from doing/being..., let alone..., not to mention... (strongly negates the first item and states an even more extreme or opposite situation in the second).
- -(이)나마-(i)namaN + -(이)나마 (Even though it is only..., at least)Although it is only / humble as it is, at least (accepts something less than ideal, or humbly offers something modest).
- -(으)로 말미암아-(eu)ro malmiamaN + -(으)로 말미암아 (Owing to, as a consequence of - formal)Owing to, because of, resulting from (formal literary expression stating the root cause of a major outcome).
- 을/를 막론하고eul/reul mangnonhagoN + 을/를 막론하고 (Regardless of, irrespective of)Regardless of, without distinction of (includes all categories without exception in formal writing).
All topics
- Connective Endings (연결 어미)
- Modality & Intention
- Time & Sequence
- Conditionals & Supposition
- Cause & Reason
- Polite Sentence Endings
- Comparison (비교)
- Basic Sentence Patterns
- Tenses & Aspect (시제)
- Purpose & Plans
- Negation (부정 표현)
- Questions & Interrogatives
- Verb/Adjective Conjugation
- Noun Modifiers (관형사형)
- Change of State
- Experience & Trial
- Requests & Commands
- Suggestions & Invitations
- Ability & Possibility
- Location & Place
- Irregular Conjugation (불규칙)
- Honorifics (높임말)
- Obligation & Necessity
- Numbers & Ordinals
- Movement & Direction
- Desire & Wishes
- Nominalization (명사형)
- Demonstrative Pronouns
- Counters (단위 명사)
- Existence & Possession
